The Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

The expiry Penalty EssayThe terminal penalization is a keen penalization that is put into effect for major crimes. The terminal punishment is a very controversial topic in the join States and throughout the dry land. There was a time period were the death penalty was banned for well-nigh four years in 1972-1976. Many feel that the death penalty is justice because it is payback toward criminals who shoot committed heinous crimes. However the death penalty is in clemente and should be abolished in the United States. The death penalty has been around since the beginning of civilization. majuscule Punishment has been practiced in most known societies over the course of human races history (Garland 30). The website Introduction to the Death Penalty states that the death was first accomplished for 25 different crimes, however, over the years the laws have changed. Fortunately, only one-third of the world still uses this type of punishment. There be only a a couple of(pr enominal) developed countries that have the death penalty, such as Singapore, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea.The most recent countries that have abolished the death penalty because they deamed it inhumane are Burundi, and Togo in 2009, and Gabon in 2010. Unfortunately the U. S. is one of the few developed countries that still have the death penalty. Writer Scott Christianson says, In the United States, however, serious consideration of abolition was slower in the coming, for political reasons.On the one hand, capital punishment had been apply since the earliest days of exploration and Colonization it was still legal in all but a few states (176). In the U. S. nly fourteen states have abolished the death penalty, the most recent states to abolish the death penalty are immature York in 2007, New Mexico in 2009, and Illinois in 2011. Writer Michael Meranze says, Europe redefined itself as a death penalty- free zone and s crimsonty countries around the globe abolished the death since 1976, where us the United States non only reinstated capital punishment but thirty-six states and the federal government expanded its use and provenance (Garland et. all 73).Since 1977, 611 batch have been kill in the United States . xecutions in the U. S. have been carried out at an increasing rate, with more than half of the executions since 1976 having occurred in the last five years (Barry). The United States has used many different methods to execute prisoners over the years. Two of the first methods were hanging and firing squad. Although these methods are considered archaic now, there are still some states that bequeath the use of hanging and firing squads. These states that can still use hanging are Delaware, New Hampshire, and Washington.States that can still use firing squads are Idaho, Oklahoma, and Utah. other method of execution that was used for years in the U. S. is the electric chair. There is currently only one state that still uses the electric chair as its principal(prenominal) method of execution, which is Nebraska. Another method that is rarely used but is still on the books for some states is the gas domiciliate. Writer Scott Christianson says, The earliest gas chamber for execution purposes was constructed in the Nevada state penitentiary at Carson city and first employed on February 8, 1924 (1).States that still have the gas chamber are Arizona, California, Missouri, and Wyoming. The main source of execution for all states with the death penalty with the exception of Nebraska is lethal injection. Lethal injection is puts poisonous medicates into a persons bloodstream to kill them. However because the poisonous drug is so expensive some states are starting to use the same drug to put down animals for human beings. Advocates claim that having the death penalty for crimes deters crime because they think plurality are scared of punishment however, the death penalty does not deter crime.The death penalty is useless because the crim inals committing the crime are not thinking about the death penalty but rather how to stay alive. The attempt to reduce murders in the drug trade by threat of severe punishment ignores the fact that anyone trafficking in illegal drugs is already risking his animation in violent competition with other dealers. It is inconclusive to think that the death penalty a remote threat at best testament avert murders committed in drug turf wars or by street-level dealers (Bedau). This shows that the death penalty is not stopping murders from occurring.The introduction to the death penalty conducted a survey were top criminologists stated that the death penalty does not deter homicide rates (Introduction). For 2009, the average Murder Rate of Death Penalty States was 4. 9 Murder rates by the 100,000, eon the average Murder Rate of States without the Death Penalty was 2. 8 (Introduction). Not only does the death penalty not deter crime but it is also very expensive. The death penalty be s o much because of the appeal process. The appeal process is a very long and expensive process that can go on forever and be the government billions.Many assume that abolishing the death penalty is defame because it becomes unfair to the taxpayers because they think the cost is less than that of life in prison without parole. However life in prison is less expensive than the death penalty (Bedau). The death penalty is actually three times more than keeping a prisoner in prison for life without parole (Messerli). Death penalty trials are costly as well. Studies estimate that death penalty trials cost $1 million more than trials in which the prosecutors seek life without parole (Introduction).Therefore the government lacks to stop executing people because it is unfair to the taxpayers. The death penalty cost one-hundred thirty-seven million dollars annually. Writer John Van De Kamp says, With California facing its most severe financial crisis in recent memorywith draconian cuts abo ut to be imposed from Sacramento that will affect every resident of the stateit would be crazy not to consider the fact that it The Death Penalty will add as much as $1 billion over the next five years simply to keep the death penalty on the books. Therefore the government needs to rid of the death penalty in order to put taxpayers money to better use.One of the biggest problems with the death penalty is that it is racially imbalanced. Juries assign the death penalty more often to minorities than to Whites. Capital punishment opponents argue that racial bias on the behalf of prosecutors, judges, and juries results in disproportionately noble numbers of convicts and death penalties for African-American defendants (Issues). The defendant who is a person of color is much more likely to get the death penalty if the victim is white. As of 2002, 12 people have been executed where the defendant was white and the murder victim was black, compared with a 178 black defendants executed for mu rders with white victims (Bedau).There are still these rum numbers in death row to this day. There has been evidence in murder cases that juries have been racist and have sentenced some people to prison while others, mostly black, have been given the death penalty (Bedau). Minorities are disproportionately given the death penalty with a 43% of executions since 1976 and a 55% awaiting the death penalty (Bedau).These facts are shameful to the country. Another big reason why the U. S. shouldnt have the death penalty is the financial imbalance among defendants. People who have money have a better chance of being proved innocent because they can afford better attorneys than poor people. Professor Scott Philip from the University of Denver says, Defendants who hire counsel for the entire case were never sentenced to death. Even defendants who hired counsel for a portion of the case were substantially less likely to be sentenced to death than defendants with appointed counsel (American). These who cant afford attorneys have to rely on public defenders, who are incredibly overburdened in their jobs and are sometimes in competent. Poor people accused of capital crimes are often defended by lawyers who lack the skills, resources, and commitment to handle such serious matters. This fact is corroborate in case after case (Bright). This unfortunate act committed in this country leads to people being wrongfully sentenced. Because of the racial and financial imbalances, even proponents of capital punishment should recognize that the system is broken.A part of the death penalty that people tend to avoid is the fact that woman and men are executed (Messerli). Wrongly sentenced people are one of the biggest problems with the death penalty. How many innocent people will the United States execute before we stop this untamed punishment? (Dicks 31). The number of people that have been executed, that were later found innocent is not the ideal numbers that people want to hear. To tal of 69 people have been released from death row since 1973 after evidence of their innocence emerged (Dieter).In the Bedau-Radelet report on Miscarriages of Justice in Potentially Capital Cases, it was reported that 350 people have been wrongfully sentenced, twenty-three of which were actually killed by the state before they were found to have been innocent (Dicks 79). There is no way to ensure that this wint sometimes happen, so the U. S. cant ethically use the death penalty. The biggest reason that there should not be a death penalty is that it is morally wrong. It violates the right to life as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Abolish).It also cant undo whats already been done. It is useless in that it doesnt bring the victim back to life (Messerli). The death penalty doesnt help anybody and doesnt show that killing is ok. Therefore, It sends the wrong message why kill people who kill people to show killing is wrong (Messerli). The United States is one of the most elite nations in the world however, people in the U. S. dont have the sense to get rid of the death penalty. The penalty is inhumane and should be abolished in the United States. This punishment goes against everything the U. S. stands for and it is a denial a humans rights to live.Throughout our history, critics have tried to brand the death penalty as the vestige of a mad native age, a practice that an enlightened society would reject. And each time they have advanced their casebut only so far (Kay). People need a government that is fair to all and does not deny people their rights to live. People need a government that will not just appease with just, but will fight for what is right for the people of the United States of America. Why should a nation that casts itself as a leader in the battle for human rights resist so tenaciously the elimination of a practice so self-evidently a holdover from darker times?

What Is Dry Needling Essay Example for Free

What Is run run dry Needling EssayRecently, Physical Therapists have been seeking to incorporate what is being named Dry Needling into their patient treatment regimens. Dry Needling is indistinguishable from acupuncture, yet is often based on two or three day seminars, featuring only 16 to 24 hours of classroom education with no needle technique clinical internship training being included.Is Dry Needling the same as Acupuncture? Yes, according to all major state and national organizations entangled in the certification, professional representation and educational development of the field of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine. The Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (CCAOM) states It is the position of the CCAOM that any intervention utilizing dry needling is the practice of acupuncture, regardless of the language utilized in describing the technique. 1 Medicare agrees. The only code for Medicare that would cover something like dry -needling would be an acu puncture code, said follower U.S. Attorney Kevin Doyle .Will Dry Needling practice affect Acupuncture practice? Patients do not discern between types of needling treatments. When a patient receives a therapy involving needling, their perceptual experience is that they have received acupuncture. When acupuncture is performed by practitioners without adequate classroom and clinical education, the experience of acupuncture is not optimal. When acupuncture is performed by practitioners without needling technique education, without Clean needle Technique certification, and without needle technique clinical internship, the experience of needling can be hazardous.Adversely performed acupuncture negatively impacts all those practitioners who are licensed to practice acupuncture. invalidating patient feedback especially affects the availability of new patients for Licensed Acupuncturists. It makes good business sense for practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine and acupuncture to saf eguard, protect and regulate the educational activity and practice of their chosen healing art, Acupuncture.Coalition for Safe Acupuncture Practice seeks to inform and warn the public of the healthcare hazards and the potential for serious injury that exists in undergoing Dry Needling treatment by any healthcare practitioners, including Physical Therapists, who are not also fully trained and licensed as Acupuncturists.

Laser beam welding

Laser beam joinIntroductionLaser Beam Welding LBW is a modern-day welding process that is a high zip fastener beam that continues to expand into new industries and new applications because of its advantages like deep welding and reduced heat inputs. involved Manufacturers sought to automate the welding process ca employ the expansion of the laser beam welding process to include computers and more sophisticated technology to increase the reaping quality and more accurate control of the welding process.From More than 20 years ago, when laser welding was in its early life was used in general for bizarre applications where no other welding process would be suitable. Nowadays, laser welding is an imperative part of the coat toil industry.How It WorksThe Focal tip is aimed on the work function near that will be welded. At the surface the large concentration of light energy is converted into thermal energy. The surface of the work piece starts melting and steps forward through it by surface conductance. For welding process, the beam energy is maintained below the vaporization temperature of the material. In Fig. 1 the laser beam is directed on the work piece.To the point that the laser beam contacts the work piece, all the components that direct it are transparent, refractive or reflective, absorbing only small amounts of energy from the ultraviolet light. The laser power supply is capable of delivering a pulse of light that has accurate and repeatable energy and duration. When the pulse of laser energy is focused into a small spot at the surface of the work piece, the energy parsimony becomes enormous. The light is engrossed by the work piece, causing a keyhole effect as the focused beam drills into, vaporizes and melts some of the metal. As described in fig. 2.As the pulse ends, the liquefied metal around the keyhole flows back in, solidifying and creating a small spot weld, moving the work piece or the laser emitter along the surface of the work piece cr eates a series or spot weld that is called a seam.Similarities And Differences To Other Welding ProcessesWhen compared to other welding processes, laser welding has some similar as well as some unique characteristics Like GTAW (Gas Tungsten Arc Welding), laser welding is a fusion process performed under deaf(p) c over gas, where filler material is most times not added. Like electron beam welding, Laser welding is a high energy density beam process, where energy is targeted directly on the workpiece. Laser differs from both GTAW and EB (electron beam) welding in that it does not affect that the workpiece complete an electrical circuit. And since electron beam welding must be performed inside a vacuum chamber, laser welding can almost always offer a cost advantage over EB in both tooling and production pricing.Advantages Of Laser WeldingOne of the largest advantages that pulsed laser welding offers is the minimal amount of heat that is added during processing. The repeated pulsing of the beam allows for chilling between each spot weld, resulting in a very small heat affected zone. This makes laser welding ideal for thin sections or products that require welding near electronics or glass-to-metal seals. Low heat input, combined with an optical (not electrical) process, also means greater flexibility in tooling design and materials.Industries Served1- Aerospace.2- Defense/military.3- Electronics.4- enquiry development.5- Medical.6- Sensors instrumentation.7- Petrochemical refining.8- Communications energy.Laser SafetyLasers emit a very concentrated beam that can be visible or invisible. In general, most lasers used for welding are invisible. This beam of infrared light could focus onto the skin or eye unless safety precautions are observed. Industrial laser systems are in full interlocked to prevent any danger to operators. Most are equipped with National Center for Devices and Radiological Health covers that contain the actual laser operation, permitting people running(a) nearby to perform normally. With proper design and careful precautions, laser systems are no more dangerous than other welding systems or similar appliance tools.

Hyundais Supply Chain Management

Hyundais tag on train commission1.0 Introduction make outing stove management is concerned with the management of upriver and downstream interactions and activities between various entities/organizations in order to maximize the value creation to the benefit of the client (Christopher, 2005). Globalisation has resulted in supply chains crisscross international borders thus antedateing to greater exposure to disruptive dangers.Hyundai Motors is an automaker with a strong global presence. Its supply chain entities, from manufacturing to retail, include external suppliers launchs manufacturing negotiate and/or finished products distribution centers pack zones and transportation assets.Between 20th June and 6th August 2003, there was a major disruption in the companys cogency to deliver passenger cars to its customers due to a labour break at its biggest production form. Although labour strikes ar highly probable, the duration of this strike (47days) was highly unforesee n. The clock was also comminuted as the labour union targeted the strike to a time when domesticated sales were expected to rise due to newly apply excise-tax cuts for new car buyers by the Korean Government. The doctor of the disruption was thus highly significant a staggering $1.1billion in lost sales unitedly with other unquantifiable losses, as a result of the inability of the supply network to remain completely resolute during the strike.2.0 Literature ReviewSupply chain disruptions are the outcomes of the materialization of threats which results in a serious halt of the trading operations of one or more production or distribution entities and subsequently affects other entities/nodes at heart the supply. Handfield et al. (2008) suggest that the likelihood of disruption in* Global sourcing supply networks characterized by workforce instability, customs regulations, potential for terrorism, subjective disasters, number of transfer points etc.* Supply networks with const rained dependencies characterised by limitations on number of sources, uniqueness of sourced parts etc.Kleindorfer Saad (2005) classified sources of disruption risks into three groups* Operational contingencies such as equipment malfunction and systemic failure, loss of a supplier and human centred issues like labour strike and fraud.* Natural disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and storms.* terrorism and governmental instability.Sheffi (2005) suggests that in order to mannikin resiliency against disruption risks into a supply chain, each type of disruption should be anticipated and guarded against individually. Handfield et al. (2008) suggest two types of resilience proactive e.g. flexibility, in which the supply chain is re-routed away from the anticipated source of the disruption and reactive e.g. redundancy and responsiveness, in which supply chain resources are coordinated to respond to a supply chain disruption.2.1 Global Operations (Hyundai Motor Company)As at 2003, Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) was the seventh largest automobile manufacturer in the world in terms of volume. HMC had 3 manufacturing plants and 8 CKD assembly plants. Hyundais target markets were classified into 3 types advanced emerging and explaining markets.Table 1.1- Hyundais Global OperationsPlant characterLocationRegions SuppliedType of Markets SuppliedManufacturing PlantsS. KoreaDomestic North AmericaAdvancedChinaDomestic AustraliaEmergingIndiaDomesticEmergingAssembly PlantsEgyptAfricaDevelopingPakistanMiddle eastwardDevelopingMalaysiaAsiaDevelopingRussiaEastern EuropeEmergingTaiwanAsiaDevelopingIndonesiaEast AsiaDevelopingBrazilSouth AmericaEmergingTurkey westerly Europe Middle EastAdvancedThe company located manufacturing plants in the emerging markets such as China and India, in order to meet festering domestic demand as well as take advantage of relatively low labour be in the countries.HMC however did not consume any manufacturing plants in the advanced market s but relied on imports to meet demands in the zones. In order to compete with established automotive manufacturers in the advanced markets, particularly the United States of America, HMC focussed its strategy on improving quality and maintaining low costs using TQM and supply chain strategies such as just in time and assembly postponement.HMC operated the largest integrated automobile plant in the world, the Ulsan plant located in South Korea, with an output of about 1.6 million units annually, in phase of cars and Completely Knockdown (CKD) kits. The plant had a co-located privately owned port which make export convenient. In order to respond quickly to specific customer demands, at minimal costs, Hyundai practices JIT and holds limited finished goods inventory of not more than 7days, at its plants and distribution centre. Delivery lead time for export vehicles was 45days with shipping lead time of 30days (Hahn et al., 2000). 2.2 Hyundais European Supply ChainImporting passenger cars into European Union (EU) was relatively easy because as at 2003, the 15 members and 10 draw a bead on members of the EU shared import and export policies thus had no local content regulations on car imports.Turkey was chosen as a posture of the CKD plant to supply Western Europe because of its low labour costs and surface transport links to Western European countries.The other CKD plant furnish European nations was located in Russia, a non EU member which probably had its own peculiar automotive import regulations. However due to domestic demand opportunities in Russia, its influence and available transportation links to other landlocked Eastern European countries it was a good choice to locate a CKD plant.The Korean plants produced CKD kits which were exported to the Russian and Turkish assembly plants. This supply strategy meant freight charges and other logistics costs were reduced by producing whole cars in form of parts and modules in Korea shipping to CKD plants locate d in Europe, assembling based on customer demands in Europe and distributing assembled cars, mainly via surface transport, to the customers around Europe.However, the dependence on the Ulsan plant as the only plant capable of supplying passenger car CKD kits to the Turkish and Russian plants, which were responsible for supplying the European market, had a major risk inherent, as would be shown subsequently.3.0 RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK 3.1 Theoretical FrameworkThe possibility of disruption is a reality to every modern global supply network. Supply chain resilience should therefore involve more than simply recovering from disruptions but must be a proactive, systematic and integrated exploration of capabilities inwardly the supply chain to cope with unforeseen events. The framework below uses this approach.The different parts of the resilience framework are consistent with supply chain resilience literature. For illustrate The framework proposes the use of excess/ extra resources as a reactive strategy to mitigate risks. Another recommendation is to improve the ability to discover disruptions and subsequently improve responsiveness through investment in visibility systems. Supply chain planning and collaboration would help to aid the robustness of the supply network. Finally, the framework proposes that the supply chain should be redesigned if the exploit of the disruption is so enormous that it cannot be efficiently mitigated.* Continuous cycle of monitoring and reassessing disruption risks.3.2 single-valued function the Supply Chain Identifying RisksThe map shows the paths through which materials move in the supply network as well as major risks at various critical nodes.The identified risks are grouped in Table 3.1. The most probable disruption risk is selected at each node and its potential primary effect on the supply chain is determined.TABLE 3.1- Hyundais European Supply Chains Risk AssessmentNODESRISK TYPESDISRUPTION RISKSMOST PROBABLE/ DISRUPTIVE EV ENTS particular EFFECTSKorean PlantsOperational labor movement disputes Pilferage Quality issues Parts impose on _or_ oppress, Loss of critical suppliersLabour Strikes Loss of critical supplier fluttering of supply of cars to domestic and export markets(mainly US) Failure to supply CKD kits to European plantsNatural disastersTyphoonsTerrorism/ PoliticalDevaluation of the Korean currency (Won) Terrorist attacksUlsan PortOperationalLabour disputes Dispatch errors Parts damage PilferageTyphoons Dispatch errors Port Closure Disruption in ability to ship finished cars and CKD kitsNatural disastersTyphoonsTerrorism/ PoliticalTerrorist attacksTurkey CKD PlantOperationalLabour dispute Turkish port closureEarthquakes Terrorist attacks Disruption of plants operations. Disruption of transportation links to Western European markets( a high demand zone)Natural disastersEarthquakesTerrorism/ PoliticalChanges in governments import export policies Terrorist attacksRussia CKD PlantOperationalLab our dispute, Turkish port closureNatural disaster Political instability Disruption plants operations Disruption of assembled cars exports to Eastern European marketsNatural disastersEarthquakes Floods TornadoesTerrorism/ PoliticalChanges in Russian governments import export policies Terrorist attacks Eastern Europes political instabilityEuropean Union CountriesOperationalFluctuating demand Transport links disruptionsFluctuating demand Sales disruptionNatural disastersEarthquakes Floods Tornadoes HurricanesTerrorism/ PoliticalChanges in European Unions import export policies Terrorist attacksGrouping the disruptive events into the vulnerability matrix shown below would help to prioritize resilience strategies to the high cruelty disruptions. However the low severity events are not entirely ignored. For instance, dispatch errors at the Ulsan port are operational risks can be managed by actions such as introducing RFID duration political instability can be managed through maintenan ce of good relationships with Government.Steps for making supply networks resilient against high severity disruptions* Identify nodes with high impact disruptive risks* Identify probability of occurrence of the disruption* Select degree of flexibility Higher degrees of flexibility would be required for high probability risks, while lower degrees of flexibility would be required for low probability risks.4.0 Hyundais European Supply Networks Resilience 4.1 Hyundais Resilience of the Labour Strike DisruptionRedundancy bare(a) resources were used reactively by Hyundai to maintain operations while the disruption lasted and also to subsequently recover.Speed of recovery As shown in figure 4.2, Hyundais monthly sales grew speedily within 1-3 months after the disruption ended. The following inferences/ assumptions are make about how this was achieved* Hyundais redundant production capacity at its plants aided the speed of recovery. The plants must have used production ramp up strategies t o increase output.* Logistics of the CKD kits away from the plants was enhanced by the co-located shipping port. It is assumed that some CKD kits were flown by air to the CKD plants.* Management at Ulsan plant had visibility and control over the entire supply network. This aided the co-ordination of expedited international logistics of the cars to the customers.Although excess resources proved to be a useful resilience strategy, it can be quite expensive. Moreover, as observed, the extent of the disruption was difficult to predict and eventually resulted in complete depletion of some inventories.On the other hand, appropriate levels of redundancy combined with appropriate levels of supply chain flexibility is believed to enable organizations to not only cope with unanticipated events but also improves normal operations efficiency while providing oppourtunity to utilize disruptions to gain competitive advantage ( Sheffi Rice, 2005Fawcett et al., 1996 and Skipper Hanna, 2009).Hyund ais European supply network however lacked the required flexibility because of dependence on the Korean plants for CKD kits. A major supply chain redesign (as suggested by the framework), is thus required to mitigate impact and/ or ensure business persistency in the event of occurrence of these types of high severity disruptions.4.2 Avoidance/ Reactive Strategies business continuity (for the high impact/high probability disruptions) 4.2.1 Labour strike in KoreaTo cope with a future occurrence of this, Hyundai needs to reduce dependence of the Turkish and Russian CKD plants on the Ulsan plants by increasing the manufacturing flexibility of the CKD kits.The India plant was the only plant not affected by the labour disruption. This was attributed to its minimal dependence on any supplies from Korea. It can thus be easily made an alternative manufacturer of European CKD kits.Also, Hyundai may adopt outsourcing complete components design and manufacture to suppliers. This would elimina te the need for manufacturing plants to supply the4.2.2 Loss of a critical supplier at Ulsan Plant 4.2.3 Natural Disasters or Terrorism at Assembly Plants RegionsTwo common risks across some(prenominal) CKD nodes of Hyundais supply network are natural disasters and terrorism. These are low probability external threats thus redesigning to avoid them may be costly and eventually unjustified. Rather, the supply chain needs to be made reactively resilient against them. This can be achieved by designing a robust supply network.To cope with effect of any of these disruptions to any of the CKD plants redundant capabilities would be required. For instance the Russian plant should have the capability of assembling passenger car models made in the Turkish plant. However for economic reasons, this capability should lie redundant until actual occurrence of the disruption risk.However Russias exclusion from EU countries may make it difficult for it to supply the Western European markets (all EU countries) because of trade regulations. thereof another plant located in the EU may be required to supply Western Europe if there is a disruption at Turkey. However this plant would not use redundant capability but should constantly supply both Eastern and Western Europe.As at June 2008, the EU country with the lowest VAT was Czech Republic. Assuming this was the case in January, 2004, when it joined the EU, this would make Czech a good location for the alternative manufacturing or CKD plant.DEMAND FLUCTUATION AT EU DISTRIBUTION CENTERSThe distribution of the passenger cars across Europe can be made flexible across both European zonesTable 4.1- Proposals EvaluationsResilience StrategyRequirementsProposalsImplicationsManufacturing flexibilityParts StandardisationCapacity increasesManufacture CKD in IndiaRelatively lower transportation costsincrease manufacturing costsManufacture CKD in a low wage European Union countryMuch lower transportation costs Increased manufacturing costs L ong term investment in new facility.ModularizationCapable suppliersOutsource components design and manufactureSignificant cost reduction Increased efficiency of JIT technical foul difficultiesTHE ROBUST SUPPLY CHAINCombining the manufacturing, assembly and distribution nodes would give the new supply chain design shown below.Testing the New Supply ChainScenarioManufacturingAssembly EffectDistributionLabour strike at Korean plant closure of Korean plantRamp up manufacturing at Indian plant strain on Indian plants resources to supply both Turkey and Russia CKDsTurkish and Russian plants operate as vernacular little or no impactEU distributions operate as usual little or no impactEarthquake at Turkey closure of Turkish CKD plantIndian and Korean plants operate as usual, but supply all CKD kits to Russian CKD plantsRamp up assembly operations at Russian CKDStrain on Russian plants resources to Supply passenger cars to Western European countriesEU distribution operates as normal little or no impactSudden demand growth in France with simultaneous drop in Portuguese demandIndian and Korean plants operate as usualTurkish and Russian plants operate as usual little or no impactPortuguese distribution center re- routes supply to French retailers.SOURCES OF COPETITIVE ADVANTAGEThe robustness of manufacturing, assembly and distribution would help* The supply chain match demand more responsively. This would lead to reduction in inventory holdings* Flexibility to customize to customer requirements is enhanced.5.0 Recommendations (Business Continuity)Hyundai should develop contingency plans for each of the identified risks. The major flexibility and redundant resources available in the supply network would need to be coordinated for the supply chain to remain resilient in the event of a major disruption.Also the supply chain proposed is for short term implementation. To build resilience in the yen term Hyundai would need to build a facility in the EU and depending on demand

Analysis Of Using Podded Propulsors

Analysis Of Using Podded PropulsorsOver the past few decades the concept of seedcaseded propulsion in merchant ships has gained significant toleration in the merchant marine industry. Mostly due to the particular that podded propulsion systems offer several expediencys in contrast to the conventional, shaft hinge on arrangement systems. The benefits we go away refer to atomic number 18 mostly manoeuvrability, lower ring generation and more than available space for cargo in merchant vessels. However before discussing the advantages and disadvantages of a podded propulsion system we must first explain what is meant by podded propulsion by briefly analyzing its mechanical components and how they interact with the vessels water resistance and thrust efficacy. nevertheless in secern to fully realize the benefits provided by a podded propulsion system, we also essential to briefly examine several aspects of conventional propulsion systems such(prenominal) as conventional s ingle and double screw propulsion systems, systems employ fixed pitch propellers, contra-rotating propellers, overlapping propellers and controllable pitch propellers which are most usually used today in the propulsion of merchant and navy vessels.Podded Propulsion SystemsA podded propulsion system refers to a gondola shaped pod fit(p) at the stern of the vessel attach on a leg which is capable of rotating in a 360 degrees angle. Inside the pod there is an electrical push back capable of producing thrust by using a fixed-pitch propeller. The entire system is azimuth since there is no need for a rudder or any former(a) steering arrangements ( appendix 1,2). This type of propulsion system was created in the late 1980s by the Kvaerner Masa-Yards in cooperation with the ABB Stromberg Drives and the Finnish Maritime Administration. The first podded propulsion system was mounted onboard icebreakers such as the 16.000dwt M/T Uikku and M/T Lunni tankers. These type of vessels used the p odded propulsion system in order to navigate through the northeastward Passage in extremely harsh conditions by moving backwards with the propeller first, thus breaking the ice with a considerably higher efficiency than before.Today there are several types of podded propulsion systems available, some of the most commonly used are the Mermaid unit ( appendage 3) constructed by Kamewa and Cegelec, the Dolphin unit (Appendix 4) which was produced by stool Crane Lips as well as STN and the SSP Thruster (Appendix 5) which is a product of Siemens and Schottel companies. The Mermaid unit uses a low emissions gas turbine in order to power the propeller which acts as a tractor unit located in front of the pod, this type of propulsion configuration allows an optimum undisturbed water influx to the propeller thus increasing propulsion efficiency and decreasing vibration and noise. The Dolphin unit operates by integrating a powerful electric drive into a hydro-dynamically optimized pod below t he stern of the vessel resulting in a directly driven propeller. The pod is capable of rotating 360 degrees thus ensuring maximum maneuverability composition the power of this unit ranges from 3 MW to more than 19 MW, thus this type of propulsion configuration is suitable for a wide variety of commercial merchant vessels. The SSP Thruster uses two twin propellers one in front of the unit and one in the stern, rotating in the same direction powered by a permanent magnet motor. The propeller located at the stern of the pod uses the rotational energy produced in order to provide thrust by using a pair of hydrofoil fins angled away from the pod thus increasing efficiency of the unit date allowing the same maneuverability as the some other pod units since the whole system is capable of rotating in a 360 degrees angle.Conventional Propulsion SystemsSince the beginning of the development of merchant vessels, for the transportation of antithetic types of products the propulsion systems created compete a significant roll in the advancement of the maritime industry. Over the past two centuries many propulsion designs were created in order to further remediate the speed, fuel consumption and efficiency of merchant and navy vessels.Today the most conventional design propulsion systems for merchant vessels consist from a shaft, which directly drives different types of propellers while it is connected to a gearbox. Power is generated mostly from a high torque diesel engine while a rudder usually located in front of the propeller at the stern of the vessel provides the steering. Research has shown that the use of different types of propellers can produce different results depending on the type of the vessel they are used.Fixed pitch propellers (Appendix 6) created the basis of propeller production in either its mono-block or build-up form. Mono-block propellers are most commonly used today while they stew a broad spectrum of design types and sizes. They can range from those weighing only a few kilograms to those, which can weight around 130 tonnes. Their designs can take off since the blade number of the propeller can be anywhere between two and s plain blades. These kinds of propellers are used to provide propulsion for container vessel, bulk carriers and even high-speed patrol crafts. They offer several advantages in order to solve a variety of propulsion problems such as cavitation effects and excessive noise regeneration.In contrast to the fixed pitch propellers the controllable pitch propellers provide an extra degree of freedom since they can change the blade pitch. Even judgement this type of propulsion system configuration is sensitive to cavitation problems it can provide significant advantages of maneuverability since fine thrust control can be achieved without the need to accelerate the propulsion machinery. Controllable pitch propellers are mostly used in passenger ships, ferries and general cargo vessels, which require frequent be rthing maneuvers.Furthermore to the propulsion configurations we discuss above the use of contra rotating propellers (Appendix 7) can provide several advantages to the merchant marine industry. Contra rotating propellers compromise two coaxial propellers sited one behind the other while they rotate in the opposite direction. The contra rotating propulsion system provides the hydrodynamic advantage of recovering a part of the slipstream rotational energy, which would otherwise be lost. additionally contra rotating propellers are able to balance the torque reaction from the propulsor. This kind of propulsion configuration is most commonly used in excellent high-speed outboard motor units while the use of this kind of propulsion system is non efficient for large merchant vessels since large vessels equip a large shaft line. in the end the last conventional propulsion system we will discuss involves the use of overlapping propellers (Appendix 8). This system uses again two propeller s although in this case the propellers are not mounted coaxially but are each located on separate shaft line systems with the distance between the shaft centerlines being less than the diameters of the propellers. The advantage gained from this type of configurations is to increase propulsion efficiency by achieving as mush benefit as possible from the low-velocity portion of the wake field. patronage the fact of alter propulsion efficiency this kind of configuration may increase the levels of fluctuating thrust and torque thus more research and development must be done before it can be used on large merchant vessels.Advantages and Disadvantages of using Podded PropulsionSince we have briefly examined the mechanical characteristics behind podded propulsion and conventional propulsion systems it is time to discuss several advantages and disadvantages of using podded propulsion in the operations of merchant vessels.As yet, studies have not shown whether pods are more efficient than c onventional shaft lines. There has been much research on the subject, but most studies have been aimed at a specific aspect of pod performance instead of an overall efficiency review. Several advantages have been attributed to pod propulsion systems, such as reduced emissions, lower noise and vibration levels, meliorate steering maneuvering, and braking capabilities. The reduced number of component parts also allows for more flexibility in arranging system machinery, more efficient construction and modify shipyard logistics. On the opposite end of the argument, pods require a greater capital investment, have a 30MW power limitation (per screw), and have been known to suffer losings in power due to the electric propulsion.Specifically by using podded propulsion merchant vessels gain a significant advantage due to the fact that they can achieve an increased space capacity in order to fit more cargo mainly because the engine can be allocated more freely thus decreasing the size of th e engine room. This advantage plays a crucial role for todays shipping companies, which depend mainly in increasing their deadweight tonnage duty in order to reduce their costs by achieving economies of scale. Moreover another(prenominal) crucial advantage of using podded propulsion seems to be the environmental benefits realized not only from reduced gas emissions but also due to the decreased fuel consumption thought good hydrodynamic efficiency. Since fuel consumption is a significant factor when calculating the vessels costs, it is of high importance that the vessel is capable of covering great distances at competitive speeds with as less fuel as possible. Even though today most berthing terminals and major ports invest in increasing the size of their facilities in order to accommodate the larger merchant vessels, maneuverability plays an important role in order to avoid delays and unnecessary costs due to the use of tug assistance. Research has shown that using podded propulsi on can significantly increase the maneuverability of even the largest vessels, since the pod is able to rotate in a 360 degrees angle and thus provide thrust in every direction.Despite the advantages we mention above podded propulsion suffers from several disadvantages. The most crucial disadvantage seems to be that the capital costs associated with the production and use of pods, are a dance band higher than the capital costs associated with the use of conventional propulsion configuration. This is one of the main reasons most merchant vessels are not equipped with podded propulsion. Furthermore another important disadvantage seems to be associated with the power production of podded propulsors. Due to the fact that pods have a 30MW power limitation and they depend on electric propulsion, adapted speed may not be achieved while power losses due to the electric propulsion may be experienced.Finally it is not lento to realistically judge the suitability of pod propulsion for diff erent ship types based on these advantages, disadvantages and limitations. However if we examine more closely reports based on the efficiency of podded propulsion we can derive that pods would be more efficient, fitted in cruise and liner vessels using twin screw configurations and even some small bulk carriers and general cargo vessels, while on the other hand they would not be suitable for large container vessels and tankers which require high power outputs. findingIn this essay we provided the reader with a comprehensive analysis of podded propulsion systems as well as conventional propulsion configurations. We examined several benefits created from the use of both types of propulsion systems, while we furthered analyzed the podded propulsion configuration by also providing several disadvantages experienced in merchant vessels, in order to conclude whether or not podded propulsion systems will be well suited in the operations of todays merchant ships. Finally reports has shown th at even thought there is still a lot of research and development to be done on podded propulsion systems their use on merchant vessels would be more extensive in the future.AppendixAppendix 1 microbe Azipod XO The new generation Azipod takes podded propulsion to a new levelwww05.abb.com/global/scot/scot293.nsf//azipod%20xo_2010.pdfAppendix 2Source Electrical systems in pod propulsion, moderate of Science Thesis of Electric Power Engineering, Lena Bergh Ulrika Helldn,Department of Energy and Environment, Division of Electric Power Engineering, CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gteborg, Sweden, 2007Appendix 3Source Electrical systems in pod propulsion, Master of Science Thesis of Electric Power Engineering, Lena Bergh Ulrika Helldn,Department of Energy and Environment, Division of Electric Power Engineering, CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gteborg, Sweden, 2007Appendix 4Source Podded propulsion drive for cruise liner Seven Seas Voyagerwww.sam-electronics.de/dateien/pad/broschueren/ 1.083.pdfAppendix 5Source Electrical systems in pod propulsion, Master of Science Thesis of Electric Power Engineering, Lena Bergh Ulrika Helldn,Department of Energy and Environment, Division of Electric Power Engineering, CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gteborg, Sweden, 2007Appendix 6Source Marine Propellers and Propulsion, John Carlton, second edition 2007, Published by Elsevier LtdAppendix 7Source Marine Propellers and Propulsion, John Carlton, second edition 2007, Published by Elsevier LtdAppendix 8Source Marine Propellers and Propulsion, John Carlton, second edition 2007, Published by Elsevier Ltd

John Maynard Keynes and His Contribution to Economics and America Essay

IntroductionWith the recent recession John Maynard Keynes and his theories are being debated by millions of Americans, though possible without their knowledge, as his theories have become integral to Americas economic policy. A search of John Maynard Keynes on Google news, limited to just the past week, yields much than 200 results, illustrating the scope of Keynes continued influence. Fueled by concerns over unemployment and inflation the debate rages over governments role in the economy, including regulation of industry, tax revenue rates, and government outgo to stimulate the economy. What people are really arguing over are the merits of supply-side economic versus demand-side. Keynes or Keynesian economics is based on the notion that government can boost employment or cut inflation by manipulating the demand side of the economyincreasing government spending and expanding the money supply to boost employment and doing just the opposite to hold down inflation. The two decades between 1919 and 1939 had seen great economic instability. The economic troubles were being see both at home and abroad. In addition to the unemployment plaguing America and other major capitalist industrial nations--Britain, France, and Germany there was also nightmare inflation, collapsing banks, and agrarian and industrial devastation. The start of this economic collapse coincided with the end of knowledge base War I and the accompanying peace treaty.Keynes, a British economist had been advising his government throughout World War I, including The Paris Peace Conference. He entered the international scene of economics with his 1919 book titled, The Economic Consequences of the Peace. The book captured his views following the Treaty... ...s, 1989. Print. (432) Ibid, 432 What Was the New Deal? Franklin D. Roosevelt - American inheritance Center, Inc. 2006. Web. 21 May 2011. . Hofstadter, The America Political Tradition, 442 Subtopics as suggested by Donald Morgan. Qtd In Reich, Economist Keynes, 3 Qtd In John Maynard Keynes. The Concise Encyclopedia of political economy. 2008. Library of Economics and Liberty. 5 June 2011. . Ibid Hicks, J. R. Mr. Keynes and the Classics A Suggested Interpretation. Econometrica. Vol. 5, No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 147-159 P. 147 Economics A-Z Economist.com. The Economist - World News, Politics, Economics, Business & Finance. Web. 22 May 2011. .

honda insight the next generation of cars :: essays research papers fc

honda insight the next generation of carsGrab some pavement with the incursion the hybrid that paved the way.The Honda Insight was the truly first petrol-electric hybrid sold in the United States, and it remains a benchmark the others strive to meet. In fact, the EPA named this remarkable car the most fuel-efficient vehicle in the two-seater class, and the Insight holds its title as the overall fuel efficiency leader in America. Those prestigious accolades translate into great gas mileage fair about 1072 kilometers on one tank of gas. And just to make things even easier on its loyal drivers, the Insight doesnt ever need to be plugged in. recreation to drive, with a sporty and stylish exterior and a comfortably well-equipped interiorexteriorThe distinctive aerodynamic and functional form is built to allow the Insight to become one with the wind, while keeping the air cleaner. Sleek, elegant lines fold into an innovative design incorporating both aluminum and molded plastic-resin p anels developed just for the Insight. This awe-inspiring silhouette shows the world you have places to go, while dropping little hints that youre also very much enjoying the journey.interiorPower windows, mirrors and door locks respond to your commands, and an innovative electronic Instrument Display (IMA Charge and Assist Module) gives you a birds-eye view of every relevant detail. Meanwhile, convenient beverage holders keep you refreshed for your journey and the Immobilizer Theft-Deterrent arranging keeps watch so that you (and only you) are in the drivers seat.brakingBy maintaining a constant speed, you will make the most efficient use of your fuel. Avoid blunt stops - When you stop your car, the electric motor in the hybrid acts like a generator and takes some of the energy out of the car while slow down it down. If you give the electric motor more time to slow the vehicle, it can recover more of the energy. If you stop quickly, the brakes on the car will do most of the work of slowing the car down, and that energy will be wasted.enginethe engine in this beast is a 3-cylinder vtec engine made from Aluminum-Alloy passing reduces wieght in this small pocket rocket aluminum alloys and exotic magnesium are the keys to keeping things light on the Insight. Even the slick-shifting 5-speed manual transmission is intentional to be especially lightweight. Brilliant friction-reducing measures make both engine and transmission exceptionally efficient. And underscoring the sophistication of the Insight is the fact that the first full tune-up is plan at 168,000 kilometers